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  Fish and wildlife arrow Artificial Production arrow Archive arrow July 1999 meeting
   


Attachment 2. Performance Standards / Indicators Working Draft
Augmentation Purpose

Benefits

Performance standards Performance indicators
   

1. Provides predictable, stable and increased opportunity for harvest

- Treaty/Executive Order and non-treaty

- C&S obligation

- Recreation (consumptive and non-consumptive)
  1. Manage for trend line, by increasing or decreasing, comparing past trend with future

1. Sport – Increasing number of angler days

2. Anadromous Fish – Tribal treaty and Non-Treaty fishery

a. Deviations from 50% of net fishery for fall chinook and steelhead allocation, and other measures to be determined by species

3. Resident Fish – Tribal Treaty / Executive Order and Non-Treaty fishery – increasing number of angler days

2. Provide a genetic reserve

 		A. Maintenance of hatchery broodstock

1. Maintenance of unique life history characteristics

2. Minimum number of adults necessary to achieve minimum effective population size (MEPS). Trend target 4 out of 5 years


 
 

Augmentation Benefits (continued)  
Performance standards Performance indicators
   
3. Enhances local, tribal, state, regional and national economies

 

A. Increasing trend in the value of:

1. Commercial and sport fisheries

2. Economic return ex vessel, wholesale

3. Opportunity or angler days translated to dollars
  1. Cannot value tribal fisheries in dollar terms

5. Need overall economic impact model to compute direct, indirect and induced effects.

4. Fulfilling legal/policy obligations

A. Performance meets the hatchery goal, in terms of numbers of hatchery fish to the fishery in 4 out of 5 years.

B. Beyond legal, evaluate other biological and economic performance indicators
5. Contributes to ecosystem function

- Stream/river nutrification from hatchery carcasses

- Nutrient input for fisheries and wildlife

  • Food web impacts

A. Hatchery must develop an RM&E plan with stringent desease standards for the use of the carcasses as a nutrient source 

1. Use agency and university research groups to implement pilot projects

6. Provide fish to satisfy legally mandated harvest in a manner which eliminates impacts on weak, wild stocks

 		A. Ratio of hatchery fish to wild fish

1. Trend analysis of past/present hatchery contributions to harvest. Define an upper maximum ratio of wild to harvest fish

B. Total harvest of hatchery fish

  1. Use techniques, where applicable, of selective harvest by separation in time and space

C. Total harvest of wild stocks of concern not to exceed upper maximum of absolute number of wild fish.

Augmentation Risks
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   
1. Overharvest of weak stocks due to mixed stock fisheries

A. Numerical percentage of weak stocks to total weak stock population

B. Monitor life history characteristics of weak stocks for change from past

1. Timing, age composition, sex ratio, size, fecundity (#, size)

2. Can exceed the carrying capacity of fluvial, lacustrine, estuarine and ocean habitats

 		A. Need an RM&E plan

1. Freshwater

a. Diet analysis – overlap

b. Emigration rate

c. Control vs. treatment carrying capacity estimates #/m 2 by year class 

2. Reservoir, estuarine and ocean evaluation needs to be further identified and researched – potential ISAB recommendation or symposium to better define needs

3. Detrimental genetic impacts from hatchery vs. wild interaction
  1. Stray Rate is a surrogate for a thorough but more complex measurement of:

1. Stray Rate (10%)

2. Introgression – Gene Flow

3. Outbreeding depression

4. Potential impacts of life history modification

5. Need to conduct RM&E on selected basis at specific hatcheries or on selected populations

6. Critical need for research by agency/university

Augmentation Risks (continued)
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   

4. Unpredictable egg supply leading to poor programming of hatchery production to maintain treaty/Executive Order and non-treaty fisheries and spawning escapement

 		A. Percent achievement of egg take goal in 4 out of 5 years

B. Average minimum numerical standard is to at least achieve MEPS in 4 out of 5 years

5. Cost of program outweighs the value of the harvest (non-treaty commercial)
  1. Ratio of the value of harvest per cost of the hatchery operational costs by species to the non-treaty commercial fishery
  2. Ratio of hatchery cost per cost of habitat actions by subbasin

6. Cost effectiveness of program to various treaty/Executive Order and non-treaty recreation fisheries

 		A. Least cost methods of producing benefits to recreation fishery

1. Cost per angler day

- habitat vs. hatchery 

- self sustaining vs. continuing artificial production

2. Cost per experience (economic model)

3. Cost per fish harvested in the recreational fishery

Augmentation Risks (continued)
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   
7. Ecological interactions 
- Inter/intra specific competition and predation
- Trophic level disruptions

A. Tributaries – (anadromous and resident – measurable parameters)

1. Emigration rate

a. stocked fish

b. resident fish

2. Comparative before and after carrying capacities # / m2 growth rate and survival.

3. Observation of direct intra / inter specific competitive interaction between introduced and resident fish

4. Dietary overlap

5. Predation rate

a. fish, birds, marine mammals

B. Need RM&E plan at specific hatcheries, which can be extrapolated to other hatcheries

C. Reservoir

1. Trophic level disruptions

a. species and prey population composition before and after stocking
8. Disease Transfer

A. Comparative sampling of disease incidence in hatchery and wild populations

B. Follow IHOT standards and PNWFHPC protocols

C. Need standards for net pens

Augmentation Risks (continued)
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   

9. Impacts on life history traits of wild and hatchery fish, from harvest and spawning escapement

- Age composition

- Fecundity (#, and size)

- Body size (size, age class, maturity index)

- Sex ratio

- Run timing

- Others

 		A. Assume augmentation program triggers harvest of wild fish

B. Track trends to evaluate change by establishing a baseline to measure biological traits such as

1. Run timing, age composition, sex ratio, fecundity (egg number and size), body size for wild and hatchery, etc.

C. Look for surrogate parameters which can be sampled easily

D. Conduct selected RM&E on selected hatchery and extrapolate to others

Artificial Production Review
Performance Standards / Indicators Working Draft
Preservation/Conservation Purpose

Benefits
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   
1. Conserve genetic diversity A. Captive broodstock

1. Increase number of individuals in captivity substantially greater than wild survival standard (% survival standard)

2. Maintain at least MEPS

3. Progeny represent full range of life history traits of parent population in the wild. Surrogate: genetic analysis (DNA or electrophoretic sampling)

4. Percent survival of fry from returning adults

B. Cryopreservation

1. MEPS and percent sperm viability to represent full range of life history traits (timing, age, behavior, spatial location/distribution, etc.)

2. Promote regional gene bank to also preserve existing populations not under threat of extinction

Preservation/Conservation

Risks
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   
1. Survival of captive broodstock product post release vs. wild

A. Differential survival of captive broodstock vs. wild adults - M&E plan with experimental design

- % Production of viable offspring
  • Pre-release – juvenile and smolt quality, to include physiological, morphometric and behavioral indices
  • Post-release - freshwater survival, behavior, size
2. Cost effectiveness of program

A. Least cost production of behaviorally adapted juveniles and smolts

B. Absolute cost per adult per hatchery

3. Habitat conditions have been addressed

A. Natural habitat capacity has been improved by 25 percent within two generations

Artificial Production Review
Performance Standards / Indicators Working Draft
Restoration Purpose


 


Benefits
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   
1. Increasing numbers of natural spawners A. Increasing trend of redd counts as index of natural spawning 

B. Increasing numbers of fish passing dams and weirs and by sampling resident fish population size

C. Increase F1 hatchery fish producing viable offspring

2. Maintain full range of life history traits of parental population

A. Monitor and evaluate F1 hatchery fish, in terms of life history characteristics

3. Monitor and evaluate juvenile production in tributaries and as returning adults

A. Establish release numbers based upon existing habitat capacity, monitor rearing density (#/m2), growth and survival rate, migration behavior

4. Produce fish for harvest in excess of biological escapement

A. Managing for trend line for increased returns

Restoration

Risks
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   

1. Depleting population spawning in the wild through broodstock collection 

A. Hatchery spawner to recruit ratio less than 1
  • Compare broodstock numbers to biological escapement needs on spawning grounds. Establish egg take schedule
  • M&E studies

B. Maintain MEPS of wild population

C. Spawning distribution not adversely affected by broodstock collection (weirs)

2. Can exceed the carrying capacity of fluvial, lacustrine, estuarine and ocean habitats

 		A. Need an RM&E plan

1. Freshwater

a. Diet analysis – overlap

b. Emigration rate

c. Control vs. treatment carrying capacity estimates #/m2 by year class

2. Reservoir, estuarine and ocean evaluation needs to be further identified and researched – potential ISAB recommendation or symposium to better define needs

3. Detrimental genetic impacts from hatchery vs. wild interaction
  1. Stray Rate is a surrogate for a thorough but more complex measurement of:

    2.  

     

    1. Stray Rate (10%)

    2. Introgression – Gene Flow

    3. Outbreeding depression

    4. Potential impacts of life history modification impacts

    5. Need to conduct RM&E on selected basis at specific hatcheries or on selected populations

    6. Critical need for research by agency/university

Restoration Risks (continued)
 

Performance standards Performance indicators
   

4. Cost of program outweighs the value of the harvest (non-treaty commercial)

 		A. Ratio of the value of harvest per cost of the hatchery operational costs by species to the non-treaty commercial fishery
  • Ratio of hatchery cost per cost of habitat actions by subbasin
    		•

    5. Cost effectiveness of program to various treaty/Executive Order and non-treaty recreation fisheries

         		A. Least cost methods of producing benefits to recreation fishery

    1. Cost per angler day

    - habitat vs. hatchery 

    - self sustaining vs. continuing artificial production

    2. Cost per experience (economic model)

    3. Cost per fish harvested in the recreational fishery
    6. Ecological interactions 
    - Inter/intra specific competition and predation
    - Trophic level disruptions    		 A. Tributaries – (anadromous and resident – measurable parameters)

    1. Emigration rate

    a. stocked fish

    b. resident fish

    2. Comparative before and after carrying capacities # / m2 by year class, growth rate and survival

    3. Observation of direct intra / inter specific competitive interaction between introduced and resident fish

    4. Dietary overlap

    5. Predation rate

    a. fish, birds, marine mammals

    B. Need RM&E plan at specific hatcheries, which can be extrapolated to other hatcheries

    C. Reservoir

    1. Trophic level disruptions

    a. species and prey population composition before and after stocking

    Restoration Risks (continued)
     

    Performance standards Performance indicators
       
    7. Disease Transfer

    A. Comparative sampling of disease incidence in hatchery and wild populations

    B. Follow IHOT standards and PNWFHPC protocols

    C. Need standards for net pens

    8. Impacts on life history traits of wild and hatchery fish, from harvest and spawning escapement

    - Age composition

    - Fecundity (# and size)

    - Body size (size, age class, immature and mature)

    - Sex ratio

    - Run timing

    - Others

         		A. Assume augmentation program triggers harvest of wild fish

    B. Track trends to evaluate change by establishing a baseline to measure biological traits such as:

    1. Run timing, age composition, sex ratio, fecundity (egg number and size), body size for wild and hatchery, etc.

    C. Look for surrogate parameters which can be sampled easily

    D. Conduct selected RM&E on selected hatchery and extrapolate to others

    Risks and benefits matrix


     



     

    Benefits Augmentation Mitigation Restoration Preservation/ Conservation Research
    Provides predictable, stable and increased opportunity for harvest

    4

    		        
    Provide a genetic reserve

    4

    		        
    Enhances local, tribal, state, regional and national economies

    4

    		        
    Fulfilling legal/policy obligations

    4

    		        
    Contributes to ecosystem function

    4

    		        
    Provide fish to satisfy legally mandated harvest in a manner which eliminates impacts on weak, wild stocks

    4

    		        
    Conserve genetic diversity      

    4

    		  
    Increasing numbers of natural spawners    

    4

    		    
    Maintain full range of life history traits of parental population    

    4

    		    
    Monitor and evaluate juvenile production in tributaries and as returning adults    

    4

    		    
    Producing fish for harvest beyond biological escapement    

    4

    		    

    Risks and benefits matrix
     

    Risks          
    Overharvest of weak stocks due to mixed stock fisheries          
    Can exceed the carrying capacity of fluvial, lacustrine, estuarine and ocean habitats          
    Detrimental genetic impacts from hatchery vs. wild interaction          
    Unpredictable egg supply leading to poor programming of hatchery production to maintain 

    treaty/Executive Order and non-treaty fisheries and spawning escapement

    		          
    Cost of program outweighs the value of the harvest (non-treaty commercial)          
    Cost effectiveness of program to various treaty/Executive Order and non-treaty recreation fisheries          
    Ecological interactions          
    Disease Transfer          
    Impacts on life history traits of wild and hatchery fish, from harvest and spawning escapement          
    Survival of captive broodstock product post release vs. wild          
    Cost effectiveness of program          
    Habitat conditions have been addressed          
    Depleting population spawning in the wild through broodstock collection          
    Can exceed the carrying capacity of fluvial, lacustrine, estuarine and ocean habitats          
    Detrimental genetic impacts from hatchery vs. wild interaction          
    Cost of program outweighs the value of the harvest (non-treaty commercial)          
    Cost effectiveness of program to various treaty/Executive Order and non-treaty recreation fisheries          
    Ecological interactions          
    Disease Transfer          
    Impacts on life history traits of wild and hatchery fish, from harvest and spawning escapement          

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